Prostate Cancer Dıagnosıs And Stagıng

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Prostate Cancer Dıagnosıs And Stagıng

About 20 years ago, researchers learned that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) could be found in the blood of men with metastatic prostate cancer. Their levels were found to be a predictor of poor response to treatment. Professor Howard Scher and colleagues built on this discovery, and today, through ongoing research, have greatly refined the science.

Researchers worldwide can now order Cell Search, a test that isolates and counts the CTCs in a standard blood sample. If the test reveals that a man has less than five CTCs, he has a good prognosis and requires no immediate chemotherapy. However, if the test shows that he has five or more CTCs, he is at a higher risk of dying from the cancer, and his doctor may suggest chemotherapy. Today, one of the most important treatment options for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is chemotherapy. Conclusive data has shown that treatment with the chemotherapy agent docetaxel has the potential to increase overall survival in men with this form of the disease.

Once your prostate is removed, two flaps of muscle known as the external urinary sphincter help control the flow of urine. When these muscles are removed during surgery, a man may become incontinent, meaning he will involuntarily lose urine. This can be temporary or permanent, depending on the extent of the nerve damage. After prostatectomy, many men may also experience erectile dysfunction, or the inability to have an erection. Radiation therapy to the prostate, either with external beam radiation or brachytherapy, can damage blood vessels and nerve endings that affect a man’s ability to get an erection.

Frequently Asked Questıons

What are some of the sıgns or symptoms of prostate cancer?

Some men have a higher risk of prostate cancer. You should speak with your provider about the best time for you to start the discussion. African American men are encouraged to begin testing at age 45, and men with a strong family history of prostate cancer should have this discussion at age 40. There are two tests often used to detect prostate cancer: a blood test that measures the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and a digital rectal exam (DRE). The level of a man’s PSA may indicate the presence of cancer. If prostate cancer is found, it is important that it be carefully staged. This is a method that will allow the care team to know the right treatment for the man – and also when he may not need therapy. A commonly used tool is called the TNM staging system which stands for Tumor, Node, and Metastasis. Increases in the levels of this protein can indicate a very aggressive form of prostate cancer.

If I do not have any symptoms, why should I be tested for prostate cancer?

The number of men 40 years of age and over who not only show no symptoms of prostate disease but also who are reportedly made aware of the health threat posed by prostate cancer prior to their diagnosis rose from 10.4 million in 2002 to 25.6 million in 2013. Since the incidence rate of prostate cancer has remained more or less the same over the past ten years, doctors continue to rely on the PSA test to forewarn them of the presence of the disease long before the men experience any symptoms. Discouraging men from following their doctors’ advice to be screened would therefore place many lives at risk. Resulting harm from diagnosing and treating men with little risk of dying from their disease could be minimized by identifying men with hyperplasia or DIP, men at low risk of having cancer, or men with little or no cancer.

What ıs the cause of prostate cancer?

There is no single indicator, but the combination below can help you and your health worker assess the risk of prostate cancer. Usually, if your score is higher than 4 points, the possibility of suffering from prostate cancer increases. As for a large number of family members with prostate cancer, the risk of having it is greater. People who have a large number of family members, such as fathers and brothers, with prostate cancer are more likely to get prostate cancer. Age and family history are nature-related reasons. If your father or brother has the disease, your risk doubles, until eight times greater than that since this occurs after death. Black people are more likely to have a role in prostate cancer. On average, their risk is twice more than that of Caucasian men. Scientists are currently studying what causes these differences between racial groups. A Western diet, high in red and processed meat, high-fat dairy, as well as obesity, has been linked to a higher risk of suffering from prostate cancer. Prostate exosomes carry patient corn RNA to stimulate monocyte dendritic cells and modulate the immunosuppressive microenvironment by regulating the molecular gateway protein E and mTOR. It contributes to improving the efficacy of donor PBMC antitumor immunity in CR tumors and thus becomes a potential antineoplastic.

What types of tests are avaılable?

The aging process brings with it worry and dread, but the prostate is not selective. Although prime targets, indeed, the young can also be affected. It is nevertheless vital for all men, especially those over 50, with or without symptoms, to undergo a prostate check. As a two-time survivor and a personal consultant on this topic, I can reassure you that cancer is not a death sentence. If diagnosed early, in time to cure, an attentive lifestyle will ensure your longevity. If you are reluctant to undergo the digital rectal exam (DRE), but wish to be tested, there are several tests for prostate cancer. The most widely known are: the prostate-specific antigen (PSA), ultrasound, biopsy, MRI, and urine tests. They are, however, not totally accurate or as specific as the digital rectal exam (DRE). Your healthcare provider will guide you, should you have any concerns. With all of that, testing is important.

For most men, what ıs a normal PSA test result?

If your PSA result came back at 3, your urologist may recommend another PSA test in 12 months. If the result is 4.6 and you have no symptoms, you may wait an additional 12 months for retesting. Other men, such as those with a family history of prostate cancer or African American men, are at a higher risk of prostate cancer. Your urologist may recommend an earlier retest regardless of your PSA result.

If my doctor recommends a prostate bıopsy, what can I expect to happen durıng the procedure?

Some may consider a biopsy, a procedure where prostate tissue is removed and then examined for signs of cancer, after one year of testing. Other providers might postpone the biopsy until there is a larger increase in the PSA level over a one- or two-year span. PSA density, the ratio of PSA and prostate size, can help your provider decide when to order a biopsy. Some urologists suggest a 4 on the density score as the recommended threshold for a biopsy. Discuss with your provider what is best for you. Keep in mind every individual’s health is unique and completely different from someone else’s health. Your provider will work with you to develop a treatment plan tailored to your specific situation.


      

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