Behandlung von Blasenkrebs

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Bladder Cancer Treatment: Diagnosis, Options, and Emerging Therapies

One of the deadliest forms of cancer related to the urinary system, bladder cancer is a global health concern. It commonly occurs in the thick cell-manufacturing region of the bladder. This major form of genitourinary cancer poses significant clinical and economic challenges. Almost 90-95% of bladder cancer cases are urothelial carcinomas of “transitional cells” that originate at the bottom of the urinary tract. The objective of this article is to discuss the epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment advancements of bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer prevalence has an outsize impact on health and life as it primarily affects the elderly at the last stage of their life. This cancer affects men 3-4 times more than women. It occurs most frequently at the age of 73. The emphasis should be placed on the recognition of the modifiable risk factors, which will implicitly help in prevention. For example, Rajasthan and Haryana, which are oncologist-struck cities in India causing multiple urologic malignancies, have the highest number of cancer cases in 2023. Smoking and occupational exposure are the main causes in 4% to 7% of bladder cancer cases in 2022. Most of the cancer occurs with recurrent urologic infection. With the help of flexible cystoscope inside the bladder, the urothelial cancer diagnosis would be definitely confirmed. The electronic flexible cystoscopy or the virtual cystoscopy and narrow band cystoscopy are recommended for tumor location. Plain CT scan of kidney, ureter, and bladder with three phases followed by MRI of pelvis and triple-phase CT urogram can be considered. Biopsy and resection are avoided in patients with a lack of muscular invasion and a solitary small baseline.

Current knowledge about the causes or etiopathogenesis of bladder cancer and bladder cancer treatment options are limited. The urinary bladder is in direct and constant contact with materials that are excreted or ingested, so it is not surprising that exposure to various chemical and biological agents has traditionally been challenged as a risk factor for the occurrence of tissue neoplastic activity.

Knowledge of the causes of bladder cancer is very limited, although tobacco and occupational exposure to carcinogens play an important role in most cases. The clinic currently shows a large difference in the occurrence of bladder cancer in certain populations, making local factors with social, demographic, and economic variables a cause of the disease.

The results of some studies (descriptive, chemotoxicology) raise additional questions whose solution forces us to change the concept of occupational rationality accumulated in occupational medicine over 50 years. The current available cumulative data also do not allow one to understand why over 10,000 people smoke every year, and eventually the other chemical substances that have been researched to date develop a pathology of a number of 7,411 patients.

We believe that an improvement in understanding the etiology of bladder cancer is based on a radical change in technology, the use of new environmental monitoring principles (total and ionic absorption spectroscopy AAS) for the possible detection of bladder carcinogens. In addition, studies in mental oncology leave no doubt that active coping is the best way to solve problems and prevent depressive and anxious moods.

There are also reports in our area that overcoming helps to cope with stressful situations. Similarly, part of our research team whose results are presented below found that there is an indirect but significant relationship between overcoming metabolism and coping with stress. This topic refers to the fact that, increasingly, strategies based on acceptance and adaptation are considered more effective, although self-determination plays a very important role in interdependence research.

Barış Nuhoğlu, who has performed successful operations on Behandlung von Blasenkrebs, is one of the most preferred and searched urology specialists in Turkey. For more information and consultation on Bladder Cancer Treatment, contact Zaren Health professionals. The cost for Bladder Cancer Treatment in Turkey varies between 6000-1000 USD for endoscopic treatment.

Bladder Cancer: Definition and Types

Malignant bladder diseases are quite common. These tumors are more likely to affect men. Bladder cancer is referred to as carcinoma, which grows in the lining of the bladder. A thin plate of flexible muscle tissue supports the bladder, known as the muscular wall of the bladder. The type, quality, and stage of bladder tumor define the most successful diagnosis and treatment plan. Cancer of the bladder and its surrounding area is classified into a few types. Transitional cell carcinoma is a cancer that starts with cancer cells in the lining of the bladder. In addition, TCC is referred to as urothelial carcinoma. SCC is a rare syndrome that has been linked to damaged bilateral kidneys. Smoking is the most typical cause of the changes in the cell that causes TCC. However, long-term consumption of products in contact with arylene amine dyes and the use of cyclophosphamide as chemotherapy seems to have been linked to TCC.

Diagnosis and treatments of TCC and other types of bladder cancer may differ. The success of the treatment plan and potential outcome are affected by the bladder cancer stages. In cases of aggressive treatments such as surgery, the cooperation of a number of different experts in drug and radiotherapy is required. The decision of a case of bladder tumor should preferably be reached in a multidisciplinary therapy to be discussed by the physician. In cases co-managed by a group of doctors, the prognosis is seen as of better quality. In all instances, Tis, Ta, or T1 cancers are considered low stages. Invasive cancers are characterized by touching the muscular wall of the bladder or by the rectification of the number of spreading cancer cells at the vascular and/or muscular wall. In muscle cancer, greater and deeper tumor returns are more invasive or widespread. Rarely, in a set of bladder tumors at the local level, the part of the lining has slow-growing cancer cells.

Symptoms and Diagnostic Procedures

The diagnosis of bladder cancer can usually be confirmed by standard urine examinations that would reveal cancer cells. If not, further “cytology detection” or “immunostaining” could be ordered as urine tests to confirm the diagnosis. During cystoscopy, which is the procedure of looking inside the bladder, the urologist may apply local anesthesia jelly to the tip of the cystoscope to facilitate a pain-free insertion. Special thin instruments and a telescope are inserted through the urethra into the bladder. Some air or irrigating fluid might be introduced through the instruments into the bladder to distend the bladder, allowing for a better examination. For this, the urinary bladder is first filled with an anesthetic solution or sterile water (bladder instillation) and then washed for a clear and unobscured view. If a “Pap smear” screening proves positive, cystoscopy examination is standard, irrespective of whether there are symptoms or signs suggestive of bladder cancer.

About 85% of all bladder cancer cases are diagnosed when patients suffer from visible gross hematuria (presence of blood in the patient’s urine that makes it appear pink or smoky brown) during voiding. Another 10-15% are diagnosed in patients with non-visible or microscopic blood in the urine who probably only have microscopic hematuria beforehand and have no other signs or symptoms. The 5% of patients without any signs or symptoms are diagnosed incidentally during his or her annual or biennial health check. Early diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer is crucial for patient outcome. The superficial bladder tumors have high recurrence rates, and some may progress into aggressive invasive forms as time goes by. Prompt treatment and continued surveillance are necessary.

Bladder Cancer Treatment Options: Surgery, Chemotherapy

Immuntherapie

Bladder cancer surgery is the most common treatment modality for bladder cancer. Referred to as transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), it is used mostly for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Either partial or radical cystectomy could manage muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Complete removal of the bladder is a radical cystectomy, where a part of the bladder may be spared in a partial cystectomy that is appropriate for Ta and T1 disease.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy helps extend overall survival, treat muscle-invasive cancer, and reduce distant and local recurrences. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy enables the bladder to be removed only in non-responders and helps determine which patients have more aggressive disease that can benefit from radical cystectomy. Pronounced benefits in overall survival are generally correlated with neovascular chemoradiotherapy, more so when used on a muscle-invasive disease. Antibodies targeting self-proteins that can modulate immune responses are called immune therapy. The single antigen down atezolizumab in the setting bladder cancer has improved overall survival over traditional chemotherapy agents—MPDL3280A, pembrolizumab, “which targets PD-L1. The antady” agent, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab are known to target PD-1. They are all important for treating some bellows of muscles that are invasive and have returned after platinum. The expressed high level of PD-L1 tumor are used alone or within immediately after anticancer treatment. Currently accepted different therapies for adcommended or refractory urothelial bladder cancer that is metastasized.

Surgery

There are a variety of surgical interventions used in the management of bladder cancer, ranging from transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) to radical cystectomy with urinary diversion. Endoscopic management with TURBT is the main therapy used for intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive tumors. TURBT consists of transurethral resection and an electric loop is used to excise the tumor, sometimes going into deeper layers of the bladder wall to stage the tumor. Fulguration is often performed at the base of the tumor or as a primary management option for low-grade papillary lesions if the entire tumor is resected and fulguration can be performed safely.

After deep resection, molecular-genetic classification of the patient’s tumor is indicated, based on the presence of certain molecular mutations with prognostic relevance (in particular FGFR3-TERT IDH1/2). This disease is followed-up as high risk for progression. Researchers have observed that co-mutation in KDM6A and FGFR3 affects progression-free survival. Low-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (pTa G1/2): because of a considerably lower risk of lesion progression into invasive carcinoma, patients presenting only with papillary, noninvasive carcinoma may undergo regular endoscopic re-evaluations in the presence of normal urinary cytology. Every three months in the first year after diagnosis, then increasing the follow-up intervals to every six months in the second year and yearly thereafter may be the attitude. Local or intravesical chemotherapy may be associated.

Immunotherapies

Since the Newland and Lichter work with complete Freund’s adjuvant, activation of the immune response has been sought after treatment in unresectable patients and those where a systemic or incurable metastatic cancer is present. Our concept of the neoplastic cell and the role of the immune system have evolved since the earliest anti-cancer immunotherapy trials. More recently, the promise of blocking immune checkpoints has rekindled an interest in immunotherapy that has revolutionized the melanoma world. Many of the earliest anti-infective adjuvants were also the first cytokine-based anti-neoplastic treatments with interesting but incomplete responses in advanced cancer. Today, cancer immunotherapy is considered to be one of the most promising strategies to enhance immune responses against “self” cancer cells.

The potential for immunotherapies to shift from palliation to cures is now the subject of intense drug development and clinical trials. Immunotherapies can be used for prevention, cure of small local cancers, control of microscopic metastases, inhibition of frank organ metastases, and control of systemic cancer or as palliative monotherapy. The ultimate goal of immunotherapy in loco-regional or cancer-containing organs is to stimulate T cells for direct neoplastic killing. Interestingly, patients who’ve had tumors that have responded to immunotherapy often develop vitiligo, a condition where self-melanocyte (pigment-producing cells) destruction occurs.

Emerging Therapies

The front-line standard of care in bladder cancer management is changing; these sections explore the most cutting-edge developments that are in clinical application or soon to be relevant to clinical practice.

Targeted Therapies

Newer methods for field disease involve administering targeted therapies. These medications interfere specifically with cellular and molecular mechanisms in the tissues of the bladder and the urothelium that can be predisposed to mBC. The specific type of changes in the FGFR gene, as well as changes in the latter, determines which affected people can profit from their use. FGFR mutations function as genetic biomarkers for this reason. Guide for adults or children who have undergone treatment for FGFR-advanced BC. If positive for these mutations, in the first line, approval of the FDA includes the use of erdafitinib.2 in the second-line setting. With the new set of 2018 NCCN Guidelines, the FDA increased the indication of enfortumab rabdotara-mtansine (enfortumab vedotin-ejfv) due to metastatic disease of the bladder. Additionally, other promising FGF2-over-expressed targets for treatment include infigratinib, pemigatinib, and derazantinib. At the time of publication, results from other clinical trials testing the use of these agents in the form of monotherapy or in combination are still in the mix. Booster trials are also being considered. The outcomes of the above-mentioned trials will eventually further establish the location of these brokers in treatments for bladder practice. If it cannot be removed surgically, the conventional standard first-line chemotherapy that includes a best practice guide for those with metastatic disease is still recommended. This includes the use of one of the following agents: cisplatin or carboplatin.

Long-lasting treatments and single agents are also available for patients with urothelial carcinoma who are resistant to checkpoint inhibitors, including other forms of cancer drugs that target PD-L1 and PD-1. It is not recommended to give an anti-PD-L1 or PD-1 medicine after another one has already been prescribed, particularly inside clinical trials. PD-1 inhibitors as a substitute available to those with advanced disease include nivolumab (Opdivo) or pembrolizumab (Keytruda). They can be given to patients receiving these inhibitors alone or in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy.

Patients with recurrent or progressive metastatic urothelial carcinoma typically have very poor outcomes, and no standard of care bladder cancer treatment options currently exist in the second-line setting. In these high-risk groups of patients, newer targeted agents provide a promising option. FGF/FGFR alterations have been described as present in 34% of muscle-invasive bladder tumors. In preclinical models, FGF/FGFR pathway inhibition suppressed tumor growth and had marked synergy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Several targeted approaches are similar in that they have potential not just as monotherapy but for combination synergy with chemotherapy, radiation, and/or immunotherapy. In addition, they all have potential as adjuvant therapy with early therapeutic goals post-NMIBC. The aforementioned targeted strategies in urothelial carcinoma are significant in that they may address certain resistance pathways currently confounding development of newer active agents. As more details emerge on how best to select patients, these agents may add to the growing number of precision medicine approaches for more effective therapies.

Another strategy for molecularly defined subtypes of the disease includes a targeted approach. While most consensus does suggest molecular classifications as three primary subtypes, it is clear that not all patients in a given subtype have a good outcome. This may be due in part to variation in focal somatic gene mutations among other factors. More recently, an effort to add further to our biological understanding of BLCs was modeled on a vast dataset of copy number alterations and patient outcome profiles involving more than 3,000 BC tissues. Hemizygous loss or complete inactivating mutations affecting genes/miRNAs target genes involved in cell survival and proliferation provide additional insight into identifying additional molecular-oncology-oriented therapeutic targets.

Coping with Bladder Cancer

On the inside, the emotional experience of bladder cancer can be a very personal thing. There is not just one way to feel. You could feel sad to have cancer. You could feel nervous about what lies ahead. You could feel angry that this has happened to you. Guilt, self-pity, hope, resilience, depression, and joy are just some of the many twists and turns your feelings can take as you deal with cancer. If you have ever had a cold that turned nasty, you know that when it hurts just to pee, it’s not just a question of having something wrong with you. It is very easy to be ashamed as well.

The emotional picture is far from pretty. You are likely to be feeling sad, worried, irritable, and frustrated more than happy, relaxed, patient, and calm. Some people also become trapped in anger, shame, and fear. Some people become numb and unable to cope at all. No one describes cancer as “fun” and “easy.” Cancer can disrupt and unbalance your life like nothing else. Maybe you are feeling queasy and low on energy from the bladder cancer treatment side effects. Maybe your body has been disfigured in some way, or your capacity to function has been compromised, or both. If you are single and admired for your looks, or if you are negotiating the complex interrelations of the picky singles’ scene and trying to make a good impression on a potential partner, body image might just be your number one issue. And then where does that leave you, sexually? What do you tell your new friend, and when, and how? Your disease could be arousing all kinds of unconscious fears about sex and contagion, love and relationships. It sure looks like a lot to handle. Although the intimate dimensions of being sick with cancer need to be accepted and dealt with, very few stay stuck in fear, rage, and shame. How do people pull it together? By staying connected to trustworthy, respectful others who will listen, support, share, and educate.

Emotional and Psychological Impact

For many individuals diagnosed with bladder cancer, developing strategies for coping with the disease is an important aspect of adapting to a highly uncertain illness. However, there is a paucity of qualitative research on replicable and outdated coping strategies; most of the limited research with survivor reports is outdated. Understanding the emotional and psychological repercussions of developing bladder cancer is pivotal for devising relevant coping strategies. Bladder cancer may be surrounded by social stigma due to the perception that it is linked with tobacco and/or chemical exposure, adding to survivor feelings of vulnerability. Second, frequent hospital visits and urinary symptoms may interfere with patients’ social life and travel. Further, it is reasonable to assume that the loss of bladder function is a lifelong disruption, in addition to concerns about potential problems with artificial urinary systems. As these are a sampling of the fears and concerns related to physical changes and uncertainty about the future, follow-up and changes associated with diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship, it is important to address them.

An episode of symptoms, diagnosis, and hospital visits places an immediate burden on relatives, carers, and children of people with bladder cancer. Social distress has been affiliated with pulmonary, genitourinary, and gynecological cancer. Children may worry about their parent’s health and families may have to make adjustments to their home. Long-term, couples may indirectly address sexual and intimacy issues, relationships might become more strained, and the spouse or partner of someone with invasive disease may be concerned about their partner’s early death. Psychiatric disturbance among caregivers is well recognized across cancer types, with severity perhaps closely linked to the invasiveness of the cancer. In any event, mental health problems related to the diagnosis can fluctuate with the complex needs of the carer and the degree of empathy for health professionals, treatment team cooperation, and support access. Support for carers was identified as a fundamental need in the exemplary needs of rural survivors of long-term bladder cancer, where death from metastatic bladder cancer was the second largest cause of mortality and limited medical facilities caused further stress.

Support Systems: Family, Friends, Support Groups

The importance of and different kinds of support systems – family, friends. For many people, family and friends can act as a huge support system. It can be just as difficult for them to understand your situation as it is for you. After all, there are no ‘textbook’ symptoms for bladder cancer – and what symptoms there are, those too can easily be and commonly are explained away as being nothing serious. This can cause family and friends to be dismissive of the disease which in turn can have an impact on you. When you have just been diagnosed, it can be very helpful to bring family members to your doctor’s appointment so that they can hear from the doctor about the disease directly. It can make acceptance of your bladder cancer diagnosis easier on them – and you – since they can hear from a professional what the situation is.

Support groups can also become a good source of strength and healing, since only through a community can one begin to truly accept and conquer the disease. Who better to talk with and share feelings and worries than someone who has ‘been there,’ too? And support groups are not only for the patient; they provide help and information to family members as well.

Lifestyle Changes and Self-Care

Diet and nutrition play an important role for people with cancer. After patients are diagnosed with cancer, they may worry about how their diet, weight, and physical activity will affect their disease and its treatment. It makes great sense to consider these things, but most dietary restrictions or recommendations for people with cancer have more to do with maximizing health and quality of life than they do about avoiding or treating the cancer directly. This is why we believe that diet plans based on the appropriate assessment are necessary to help manage some of the bladder cancer treatment side effects that may occur during the treatment phases as well as to maintain and, later on, improve one’s general health condition. Coping with these dietary aspects, the patient takes an active role in the decision-making process regarding his health and future as well as minimizes the bladder cancer treatment side effects, such as fatigue and moodiness.

Physical activity can also potentially have a direct effect on cancer development or recurrence. It is reasonable to assume that improvement in physical fitness may lead to improvement in physical well-being and, perhaps, a positive mental attitude, which may aid and increase survival. It is known that exercise helps lower the risk of developing other types of cancers and benefits overall health. It is also important while being treated for cancer, smoking should likely be avoided. Various studies recommend the use of complementary medicine or therapeutic intervention to help improve the quality of life for all cancer survivors. It is encouraged to dialogue with physicians and healthcare professionals, such as non-toxic and non-invasive alternative therapies like acupuncture, aromatherapy, chiropractic or osteopathic treatments, medical herbalism, naturopathy, meditation, qigong, yoga, mindfulness, music therapy, nutritional supplements, traditional Chinese and Indian medicine, etc., to find the one that works for patients in conjunction with their care. Thus, CAM treatments combined with modern therapy can have a significant positive effect on the patient’s “state of mind”. Since everything when diagnosed with cancer is beyond the psychological aspect, the presence of an expert, a psychologist, and a psycho-oncologist can be of great help in raising the patient’s spirit and win from the fight with the disease.

Diet and Nutrition

As a cancer patient, your diet can be just as important as your treatment because a body under stress needs every bit of strength possible. On their own, foods do not cause or cure cancer, but a combination of nutritional elements can definitely help the body to cope better, heal better, and prevent cancer from coming back. A nutritional strategy for cancer survivors would be to:

  • Support the immune system
  • Strengthen the body’s innate resistance to the environment
  • Improve nutrition and health status following bladder cancer surgery or treatment
  • Improve tolerance to further treatments, including chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and associated bladder cancer treatment side effects
  • Reduce the risk of the cancer returning.
 

With these factors in mind, the following guidelines can help. Your kidneys and immune system can benefit from good nutritional habits. All cancer patients should limit the amount of sodium in the diet. Reducing dietary salt does not seem to correlate with a reduced risk of bladder cancer, but reducing the amount of sodium does reduce the risk of colon cancer and definitely improves heart health. If you have kidney or heart problems, this benefit would be important for you. Some cancer patients are told to avoid all sodium. That is not necessary. Most people can easily get enough sodium in their diet so that extra salt on the table, in the form of seasonings, from soup cubes, or from pre-packaged convenience foods is not needed. The following dietary tips on nutrition, if used throughout life, may be healthful and protective to individuals who have no bladder cancer. Bladder cancer patients should use these as often as possible. If these dietary tips provide too much bulk or gas, try to eat or drink these items in small amounts throughout the day or dissolve powders into the drinks.

Bladder Cancer Research

Bladder cancer treatment options are discussed and the proportion of surgical to systemic treatment may have changed. Future directions for research are still to offer safer treatments to a wider range of patients, but a collaborative effort needs to be undertaken to build a pathway to help patients choose the most appropriate treatment for them. It is anticipated that the roll-out of genomics in bladder cancer management will provide this pathway within a decade. We also anticipate that new therapies inhibiting DNA damage repair will be fully validated in the same time frame, prolonging cancer-specific survival. We anticipate developments in epigenetic modifications and emerging evidence in providing early warning signs of patients at risk of pre-neoplastic (bladder cancer or other) development.

Finally, recent data in the clear cell variant of bladder cancer identifies its distinct molecular signature and separate fusion genes, providing rationale for further subclassification. New supportive evidence suggests that deficits in well-being and QoL of BCG refractory NMIBC patients tend to compound as a function of time. As recorded, “One size does not fit all,” and we have shown that the way people were treating their preconceptions was dependent on their individual acceptance of their situation and that coping mechanisms such as hope, resilience, and maintaining control are of the utmost importance. Longitudinal qualitative research should be conducted at critical time points in the patients’ pathway, such as at 3 and 6 months post-BCG failure, 12 months, and at further recurrence. An internet-based peer support platform for BCG unresponsive/muscle invasive bladder cancer has been developed, and evaluation of this is of interest. As a preventative strategy, we wish to evaluate the potential of the protective effects of MMR vaccination in older patients genetically susceptible to bladder cancer post cystectomy. Publication of results from clinical trials in which eniluracil has been used to treat patients with bladder cancer will contribute further to the field of novel bladder cancer studies.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

What are the Bladder Cancer Treatment Options?

If it is established that you have bladder cancer, many tests and physicians will come into your life. It can seem overwhelming, but in the end, this process will result in a diagnosis or staging of your cancer, which leads to a first treatment plan. Treating this disease involves the following areas:

– Addressing Bladder Cancer Invasion: The vast amount of bladder cancers present with cancer confined to the inner lining and no muscular wall invasion. To treat this early, non-invasive, superficial cancer, a urological surgeon may make multiple attempts to debulk cancer and prevent it from growing back.

Surgical Bladder Cancer Treatment Options: Most established surgical procedures have some form of urinary diversion or some way of connecting the kidneys to a place for urine to drain. There are several clever and astute surgeries to consider and discuss, as well as an opening into the abdomen with a urostomy appliance.

Chemotherapy & Immune Therapy: Both of these bladder cancer treatment options are approved to be given into the bladder or in a vein. They both add value to potential cure rates and can be offered to patients who are not candidates for bladder cancer surgery. Radiation therapy can technically be applied with the intention to cure but is not a common modality for an established bladder cancer routine or plan. Radiation therapy in bladder cancer is generally used to help control infections that may be pressing on the urinary tract, to open blockages, and bring relief from the bothersome symptoms of advanced cancer that may be progressing near the bladder area.

How to Lower the Chance of Developing Bladder Cancer?

Prevention

Scientific reports and clinical trials have suggested some possible methods for lowering the chance of developing bladder cancer. However, it should be noted that there is no known way to completely prevent bladder cancer in the first place.

Elimination of smoking may be the single most important element preventing tumors from developing or getting worse. A majority of people with invasive bladder carcinoma have a chemical in their urine that might induce bladder cancer. This chemical is the same one in aspirin that helps the medication defend against heart attack and stroke.

Aspirin and/or similar medications for urinary tract protection may be recommended for patients with a background of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer following a thorough examination of the risks and advantages of such medications.

Prognosis

The time frame for a disorder’s appearance, survival, and potentially ending from the time of diagnosis is called the prognosis. Several criteria play a role in planning. A person’s prognosis or outcome is dependent on aspects including their health condition, the amount and location of the disease, how rapidly the disease got worse, the type of metastasis against most therapies, such as immunotherapy, and other renal conditions.

Recurrent bladder carcinoma does not always indicate bad health or a constrained lifetime. It is very crucial to plan in advance and necessary to change your care as your condition improves when receiving care. Ongoing observation is suggested for regular check-ups and medical examinations. Time and care given by people with bladder carcinoma will appropriately enhance your wellbeing.

Offensichtlich Zigarettenrauchen, beruflicher Kontakt mit Lederfasern oder Arbeiter in Industrien, die Formaldehyd verwenden, Passivrauchen, Strahlenexposition, Cyclophosphamid bei Personen, die nach einer Nierentransplantation eine langfristige immunsupprimierende Therapie erhalten. Zu Beginn treten bei Menschen mit Muskelinvasion oder lokal fortgeschrittenem Blasenkrebs normalerweise keine Schmerzen oder andere Symptome auf. Dies kann zu einer Verzögerung der Diagnose führen und dazu, dass Blasenkrebs bei Entdeckung bereits in einem fortgeschrittenen Stadium ist. Dies sind wichtige Symptome, die man einem Arzt mitteilen sollte, da andere Erkrankungen diese Symptome aufweisen.

Gilt Blasenkrebs wirklich als seltene Erkrankung?

Nicht mehr. In den USA beispielsweise ist es die sechsthäufigste Krebsart bei Frauen, nach Brust-, Lungen-, Dickdarm-, Melanom- und Gebärmutterkrebs. Blasenkrebs ist weltweit die siebthäufigste Krebsart und die neunthäufigste bei Frauen. Allerdings gibt es weltweit viele regionale Unterschiede bei der Inzidenz und Sterblichkeitsrate.

Was sind die Symptome von Blasenkrebs und welche anderen Krankheiten haben dieselben Symptome?

Wenn Ihr PSA-Ergebnis bei 3 liegt, empfiehlt Ihr Urologe möglicherweise einen weiteren PSA-Test in 12 Monaten. Wenn das Ergebnis 4,6 beträgt und Sie keine Symptome haben, können Sie weitere 12 Monate auf einen erneuten Test warten. Andere Männer, wie z. B. solche mit Prostatakrebs in der Familie oder Afroamerikaner, haben ein höheres Risiko für Prostatakrebs. Ihr Urologe empfiehlt möglicherweise einen früheren erneuten Test, unabhängig von Ihrem PSA-Ergebnis.

Was kann ich während des Eingriffs erwarten, wenn mein Arzt eine Prostatabiopsie empfiehlt?

Das häufigste erste Anzeichen ist Blut im Urin. Außerdem haben etwa 80-90 % aller neu diagnostizierten und zuvor behandelten Patienten mit Blasenkrebs einen sogenannten oberflächlichen Blasenkrebs. Dieser kann von einem Arzt richtig diagnostiziert werden, sodass weitere diagnostische Untersuchungen wie Zystoskopie und Blasenbiopsie durchgeführt werden können. Das Hauptproblem im Zusammenhang mit Überbehandlung besteht darin, dass Ärzte ein Antibiotikum verschreiben und als Diagnose eine Harnwegsinfektion des Patienten angeben, obwohl der Urin keine Anzeichen einer Infektion zeigt, die einer Behandlung bedürfen würde. Diese Antibiotikabehandlung verändert die Zellen, die aus der Blase ausgeschieden werden, und erschwert die richtige Diagnose von Blasenkrebs.


      

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